Career Field Analysis-Top Executive Research Paper

Career Field Analysis-Top Executive - Research Paper Example Fourthly, the executive consults with other executives, staff, and board members on issues that involve general operations. Lastly, negotiate or approve contracts and agreement, and appoint department heads and managers (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). Typical Career Path Most positions for top executives are filled via promotion of lower level and experienced managers when openings occur with most promoted from the organization itself. It is possible, in such industries as transportation or retail trade, for those lacking University degrees to become managers by working their way up (Shea, 2010). Upward advancement can be sped up by taking part in training programs within the company to gain more knowledge in operations and policy. The manager can also help their career towards top executive positions by familiarizing themselves with management techniques in programs, which are sponsored by various trade associations and the industry. Executive development programs can also facil itate the promotion of managers to higher executive positions, for managers with experience in fields such as engineering and accounting. Advancement to top executive positions, for instance executive vice president, can occur for general managers if they take up a similar position in other firms or their own firms. Executive officers also often gain board membership at one firm or more or even as chair of the director board. Finally, a top executive may form their own firms or take up independent consultant jobs (Shea, 2010). Trends The career of top executive positions has evolved because of changes in the management structure, age, and size of companies. Compared to 1980, only 20% of companies that were in the Fortune 100 list were still in it in 2010 (Shea, 2010). This highlights the shift to a service economy in the US. The rise of the financial service sector and a corresponding drop in the manufacturing sector is especially striking. There is also a flattening of corporate hi erarchies with significant change in distribution of job responsibility among executive positions between 1980 and 2010Most companies now have 3 tiers, i.e. VP level, EVP level, and CEO. Middle and top tier positions declined by 5% and 6% respectively with lower tier positions expanding by 10%, which supports the idea of corporate hierarchy flattening (Shea, 2010). Salary Information In the American economy, top executives earn among the highest salaries. Salary levels, however, vary with the level of responsibility, location, size, and type of the company, and length of service. In May 2011, the average annual earnings for operations and general managers were $77,200. The median 50% earned from $52,000 and $118,000 (Forbes & Piercy, 2011). Earnings between operations and general executives vary significantly based on specific responsibility. Median earnings per year for industries that had a high representation for operations and general executives in May 2011 were; Computer system s design and related services $117,730 Management of companies and enterprises $99,670 Building equipment contractors $83,080 Depository credit intermediation $76,060 Local government $68,590 Chief executive Earnings ranged around $140, 400 in 2010 with salaries varying by industry and level and type of responsibility. Executives in non-profit sectors ranged from lows of $88,006 and $700,000, as well as dividends, stock options and other

Nursing Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theory - Article Example Moreover, the key purposes nursing theories emphasized overproviding specific guideline for establishment of nursing knowledge and practice. Moreover, nursing theories serve as a tool for determining the roles and responsibilities that are associated with specific job role, such as intensive care by nurses and further outline the reasons behind performing such roles. Nursing theories serve several purposes and are attributed to a number of characteristics that makes it necessary to ensure that people engaged in nursing and healthcare profession are able to understand such theories and implemented for providing superior care to the patients. An understanding of the nursing theories is important since they are associated with providing specific path for developing the nursing practice and knowledge and further assist in fostering of successive knowledge regarding various dimensions underlying in the nursing practices. Additionally, the prime necessity behind understanding of nursing theories is that they help in developing successive understanding variables associated with health, human beings and environment (Crossan & Robb, 1998). In self-practice while performing the job role of an intensive care nurse, knowledge regarding nursing theories is regarded to be highly essential and provides a definite path to perform the nursing tasks. Moreover, substantial level of knowledge regarding nursing theories enables healthcare executives to gain deeper understanding of the job responsibilities and further helps in taking effective decision-making while practicing. Moreover, in actual scenario, nursing practices is associated with development of substantial understanding of the factors related to nursing, such as performing job roles effectively, and ensuring patient care amongst others, which are determined with the help of knowledge established through nursing theories (Sousa & Hayman, 2002). The online journal of ‘Nursing Theory Development’ published

How should the International Financial System be changed (legally and Essay

How should the International Financial System be changed (legally and politically) so that the burden of the dollar as the main reserve currency for the world d - Essay Example The financial markets went into a tailspin recently when it was rumored that Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was looking at alternative to dollar for pegging its currency. Iran has tried unsuccessfully to exhort OPEC countries look for alternatives to dollar, but has announced that it would diversify its foreign reserve portfolio to include Euro as well. It will not create much dent in US armor yet it has strong political message for USA. Malaysia has also tried to establish gold dinar for settling bilateral trade with Iran. Experts feel that it would not be as widespread as these two countries hope as gold would be too cumbersome to be traded and exchanged. Similarly some South American countries are also trying to establish alternatives to IMF and World Bank to cut the dependence on USA and its interfering policies as they see them. They are all small steps yet they show that countries are looking at alternatives to the US dollar. US dollar is not the most preferred currency with the common man too; there are reports that now a days people prefer to be paid in their local currencies by foreigners rather than dollars for the fear of devaluation of dollar something unimaginable a couple of years ago. This shows that the confidence on dollar cross the globe is ebbing slowly but surely. Jean-Claude Trichet President ECB has as far back as 2005 called for structural changes in the international financial system to take care of financial crisis which calls for greater financial transparency, more systematic approach to the future growth and greater global ownership. Apart from these three measures, inclusiveness of emerging economies and economies in transition in international financial architecture and greater cooperation of central banks of emerging economies and economies in transition would help in systematic development and correction of financial system. This shows that not only Europe and Japan have are going to have greater say in international financial system but emerging economies like BRIC and other South East Asian counties too will need to be included. A significant departure from the fact that USA called the shots after the downfall of USSR and end of cold war. USA is grappling with huge current account deficit, Japan as current account surplus where as Europe is balanced. Erosion of value of dollar and erosion of political supremacy of USA is linked together. It is time now for USA to share the burden of dollar with Europe. Edwin M Truman (2007) in his speech has said, "The United States and Europe have huge stakes and responsibilities in the stability of the international economy and financial system. How their authorities manage their economies and develop their financial systems is key. The challenge is to promote healthy, and to minimize unhealthy, competition between the euro and the dollar and their associated financial systems and economies." He calls for climb down of US and European claim to ownership on IMF and World Bank and include emerging and developing countries in the position of management rather than recipients. He even calls for changing the voting pattern to give greater weight age to other countries of the world to ref lect their growing economic stature. The "advanced" countries would need to give up their share by at least 10 basis points and might call for increase in the fund size by 50 percent. This would mean acknowledging the political and economic advancement of the so called developing nations by USA and its allies. There are reports

A Report On Bios And Cmos Computer Science Essay

A Report On Bios And Cmos Computer Science Essay This is a written assignment where students are required to write a report on BIOS and CMOS. Describe the different types of BIOS and CMOSs and what are the current technologies and models for BIOS and CMOSs. Students can also address what are the possible symptoms for BIOS and CMOSs failures and how to fix them. Plagiarism Detector: http://www.plagiarismdetect.com. All you need to do is paste/upload your document file and hit the analyze button. It will map the document with any available online resources. Students are required to print and attach the outcome in their report (acceptable percentage of similarity: BIOS is the short form of Basic Input Output System program that starts when you turn on your computer. It checks all of your hardware to ensure they all have power and are working. BIOS is actually firmware, the software that is programmed into a ROM (Read-Only Memory) chip on the motherboard of a computer. BIOS is something that makes the system run on an initial Power-On Self-Test of the computer, initialize circuits, load the boot program from the startup disk, and then handle low-level I/O peripheral controllers such as keyboard and screen. It has several different categories; you can see your BIOS by paying attention to the screen when it first starts up, there will be a screen with few seconds duration. The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called the BIOS ROM). This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself. Because RAM is faster than ROM, however, many computer systems design manufacturers so that the BIOS is copied from ROM to RAM each time the computer is started. This is known as shadowing. Many modern PCs have flash BIOS, which means that the BIOS have been recorded on a flash memory chip, which can be updated if necessary. The PC BIOS is fairly standardized, so all PCs are similar at this level (although there are different BIOS versions). Other DOS functions are usually added through software modules. This means you can upgrade to a newer version of DOS without changing the BIOS.PC BIOS that can handle Plug and Play (PnP) are known as PnP BIOS-es, or PnP BIOS current. These BIOS-es are always implemented with flash memory rather than ROM. CMOS Semiconductor complementary metal oxide (CMOS) is a type of semiconductor chip that holds data without requiring external power source. In a personal computer (PC), CMOS has the basic instructions the computer needs to initialize its hardware and start-up. These settings are known as the basic parameters of input-output system (BIOS), also called the CMOS settings. CMOS control a variety of functions, including the Power on Self Test (POST). When the computer power switched on, CMOS will run a series of controls to ensure that the system works properly. One of these controls includes counting memory (RAM). This start-up time delays, so some people disable this feature in the CMOS settings, opting for a quick start. If you install new RAM, it is preferable to activate until the RAM has been verified. Once POST has completed, CMOS runs through its other settings. Hard drives and formats are detected and Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) configurations, the start-up preferences, the presence of peripheral and tweaks for over clocking. Many parameters can be changed manually in the CMOS setup screen to improve performance. However, changes must be made by experienced users. Changing the settings wrong can make the system unstable, causing accidents, or even prevent the computer from starting. The CMOS setup screen is accessed during the POST phase mode, by pressing a button before the operating system boots. Normally it is the Delete key but it could be another. A line of text will indicate which button the user in the CMOS or BIOS setup screen. Changes can be made from an operating system like Microsoft Windows, but must be done in a true DOS session. There is also an option to protect the CMOS settings by requiring a password to change settings. The changes are saved to the output by pressing the F10 key, and then the computer restarts to use the new settings. The system uses what is called a CMOS Checksum error code as a detector. Whenever you change the BIOS settings, the checksum is generated by adding all the bytes in the CMOS memory, then store the lowest byte of the sum. Then, whenever the system is booted, the system recalculates the checksum and compares the stored value. If they are different, the system knows that the CMOS has been corrupted in some way and will notify you via an error, usually something like CMOS Checksum Error. There are many different types of batteries used to power the CMOS, for the most part; they have evolved over time as technology has evolved. These batteries are discussed here. You will not normally deal with the CMOS memory directly; it contains the parameters that you enter the BIOS setup. Over time, it is possible that you have problems CMOS, for example, you may find that the machine can begin to forget its settings when it is started. These are usually signs of problems with the battery on the moth erboard. (Figure-1) (Figure-2) (Figure-3) CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELS FOR BIOS AND CMOS BIOS Version 5020 SOX5810J.86A.5020.2010.0224.0938 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ February 24, 2010 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added support for Intels 6-core desktop processor, codenamed Gulftown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed watchdog timer and host clock display issues for XTU2. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue that was causing IFlash and Express BIOS Update to fail on subsequent flash updates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduced pre-video boot time by about 7 seconds. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added support to check the IOH stepping and if it is a B2 or earlier then set QPI Power Management default setting to disabled and if it is a B3 or later then set the default to enabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed setup option default setting for CPU C-States to be enabled and IMON to be disabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue with watchdog timer when running in the operating system and changing from one processor to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed XMP related issues: When an XMP profile was selected the host clock was unchangeable. When selecting Automatic mode the Uncore Multiplier was being set to 22 instead of the proper system default. When selecting Manual mode the minimum supported ratio between Memory Ratio and the Uncore Multiplier will be used based on the processor installed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where the PC Compliance bit was being set incorrectly causing Secondary Boot Request to cause some cards to fail to train correctly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set VT to be enabled by default. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue preventing greater than 160 for the Host Clock. BIOS Version 4598 SOX5810J.86A.4598.2009.1211.1321 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ December 11, 2009 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added XTU 2.0 support. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed F9 default value for TDC, TDP, and Turbo Ratio. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed watchdog timer and host clock display issues for XTU2. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed a setup display issue for 5-Core Ratio Limit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed a display issue with the Turbo Boost Technology in setup when a processor is installed that does not have 4 cores. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Updated processor support. BIOS Version 4405 SOX5810J.86A.4405.2009.1020.1419 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ October 20, 2009 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Updated processor support. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enabled the selection of Video Device according to the Primary Video Adapter setup option. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Expanded the default size of the NVS memory allocation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Blocked the on-board LAN PXE dispatch when on-board LAN is disabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where the default video device was not set correctly if two video cards of same vendor and device id was present in system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where certain SATA RAID controller failed to boot according to the boot order. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where system hangs at POST code 0xBA with two SATA optical drives attached and certain media in one drive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where certain SATA RAID controller failed to resume from S3. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added feature to block compressed BMP files from use as a custom logo with Intel ® Integrator Toolkit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enabled BIOS Setup to always be reset even if iFlash2 is interrupted when /f flag is set. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOS AND CMOS? Many people use the term BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) interchangeably, but in reality, they are distinct, yet related, components of a computer. The BIOS is a computer program that starts up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time and details of system configuration needed to start the computer. The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on, until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS firmware, which means its, cannot store the variable data. CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use this term to refer to the chip that stores data variables for booting. A computers BIOS to initialize and control components such as controllers and hard disk drive and the computer hardware clock, but the specific parameters for the startup and initialization of components are stored in CMOS.In addition to the standard CMOS memory used to store system settings, BIOS Plug and Play use a nonvolatile memory upgrade to keep the extended system configuration data (ESCD). It is used to save the configurations of the devices of system resources when Plug and Play is used. Type of BIOS Phoenix IBM AMI Award Type of CMOS Battery Coin Cell Batteries PS2 Computer Clock Battery BIOS AND CMOSS FAILURES AND HOW TO FIX THEM CMOS checksum error mostly will occurs when CMOS values was incorrect. There is few option may occurs the failure as below. Bad or old CMOS battery. BIOS update. Removing power from the computer without shutting down the computer. POST errors. The Solution Bad or old CMOS battery: Try restarting the computer. If the error persists after restarting the computer to enter the CMOS setup and check all values, which include verifying the date and time are correct. Once everything has been checked and / or changed be sure to save and exit the CMOS setup. If everything looks correct and the problem persists try resetting the defaults in CMOS and / or Reset Configuration Data. Additional information on how to proceed can be found on document CH000976. Note: If this problem persists after you turn off your computer off, it is possible that the CMOS battery may be faulty or already ill. Before consider on replacing the CMOS battery to try to leave your computer on for several days. Additional information on replacing the CMOS battery can be found on document CH000239. Computer badly off: If the computer had been disconnected the power while still running it is possible that this may cause the CMOS to be corrupted. Make sure the computer is ready to be cut before turning off the computer. If you have a laptop so that battery is charged before disconnecting the electrical connection. If the CMOS values have been damaged by entering values in the CMOS setup and saving CMOS and the output should solve your problems. Additional information about entering the BIOS setup can be found on document CH000192. BIOS update recently completed: if youve recently released a BIOS update on the computer values stored in the CMOS can be reset. Enter CMOS setup and re-enter all the appropriate values. Additional information about entering the BIOS setup can be found on document CH000192.If you are unable to enter the BIOS or after the execution of a BIOS your computer is no longer values the incorrect BIOS update may have been installed on your computer or the downloaded version may be corrupted. We suggest you try to update the BIOS and / or go back to an earlier version. Additional assistance and information with the BIOS updates can be found on document CH000236. POST error: Each BIOS manufacturer has its own diagnostic codes to identify specific errors. You need to consult the documentation for specifying the BIOS beep codes. Many motherboard manufacturers will use code similar to the original IBM POST codes, which are summarized in the table below. If you get a single beep, all is good. In some cases, these beeps are also accompanied by a diagnostic code; you also look in the BIOS documentation. Beep Code IBM POST Beep Codes Description One short beep Normal POST System is Okay Two short beeps POST error Error code shown on-screen No beep Power supply or system board problem Continuous beep Power supply, system board or keyboard problem Repeating short beeps Power supply or system board problem One long and one short beeps System board problem One long an two short beeps Display adapter problem {MDA,CGA}

Physical Therapy Essay -- Physical Therapist Job Career Essays

Physical Therapy Physical therapists are members of a health care team, specially trained to improve movement and flinction, relieve pain, and expand movement potential. Through evaluation and individualized treatment programs, physical therapists can both treat existing problems and provide preventive health care for people with a variety of needs (Physical Therapy-Improving 1). Physical therapists are very knowledgeable and skillful concerning the human body. Physical therapy is a complex, but rewarding field to pursue as a career. Specialization, working conditions, job outlook, salaries, and education requirements need to be taken into consideration when contemplating a career as a physical therapist. Physical therapists can either specialize in specific areas, like paralysis or orthopedics, or they can treat a broad range of needs. Physical therapy is divided into three basic categories: acute care, neuro-rehab, and outpatient physical therapy. I am particularly interested in acute care, which involves treating patients in the hospital setting. Acute care involves treating patients following surgery, restoring patients' physical activity following an accident or illness, and helping patients to overcome disabilities. Teaching home exercises, preparing rehab programs, and explaining how to use assistive devices are the acute care therapist's main jobs. On the other hand, neuro-rehab physical therapists deal with patients who have long-term injuries, such as spinal cord injuries. Finally, outpatient physical therapists are usually self-employed and generally treat patients in the home. ("Information" 7) All three types of physical therapists perform the same general tasks. The goal of physical therapy is to help patien... ...1.htm. "1997 Graduate School Rankings, Physical Therapy." U.S. News _ Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/beyond/gphyther.htm. "Physical Therapist." The Princeton Review Guide to Your Career. Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://cgi.review.com/careers/car_search_show.cfm?id=114#life. "Physical Therapists." California Occupational Guide Nurnber 117. Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://www.calmis.cahwnet.gov/file/occguide/PHYSTHER.TXT. "The Physical Therapist: A Professional Profile." American Physical Therapy Association. Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://www.apta.org/pt_prof/professionalprofile.html. Physical Therapy - Improving Movement and Function. San Bruno: Icrames, 1984. Physical Therapy in Iowa. Des Moines: Iowa Physical Therapy Association, 1991.

Roosevelt Essay -- essays research papers

Theodore Roosevelt is said to have been one of the greatest presidents ever. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the role of the presidency into foreign affairs by using The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, this stated that the U.S. had the right to oppose European intervention in the western hemisphere and also to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors. This was brought about when the government of Venezuela stopped paying their debts to European bankers. As a result European naval forces formed a blockade around the Venezuelan coast and began to bombard their ports. Roosevelt saw this action as a potential threat to the U.S. and threatened to use American naval power to pressure the European navy to withdraw â€Å"†¦the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power†(Roosevelt Corollary). Theo dore Roosevelt’s first presidency came after the assassination of President McKinley. He was thought of as the first modern president because he was the first to get involved in foreign affairs, with his Big Stick Policy. Other things he did during his president that are remembered for are his Square deal, Hay-Pauncefote treaty, his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and his trust busting. The Big-Stick Policy came upon after Roosevelt said that his motto was â€Å"to speak softly and carry a big stick.† After this the p...

British cycling safeguarding and protecting children policy Essay

There are strategies that aim to protect children and vulnerable adults from people who might seek to abuse them and cause them harm. And in order to achieve this is by monitoring people who seek admission to them through their work, paid, unpaid and voluntary. They will have to be registered under the vetting and barring scheme and will be checked against one of two barred lists and those wishing to work with children and one for those who want to work with vulnerable adults. Recruitment of staff: working with people who need much care can be so challenging and it requires trained staff who know how to deal with them. It is very important a person to undergo criminal records before working with vulnerable people, good checks and practice taking references from previous employers are very important as it might prevent risk coming to vulnerable people. People who require jobs that involve the care of vulnerable adults will always be required for CRB check and this is significant to the safeguarding of vulnerable adults as it means giving greater protection to susceptible adults. No Secrets -Department of Health Guidelines 2000: this offers a structure and content for development of local agency policies procedures and promotes safety to vulnerable people. This department is useful for people who feel they are at risk of abuse by their care providers and the local agency have the responsibility to protect and prevent any harm that comes to a vulnerable people. This also covers for to identify who is at risk and why this might be. And it sets out a multi-agency framework to encourage different agencies to work closer together. Safeguarding Adults – A National Framework for Good practice and outcomes in Adults Protection Work 2005: this protects and ensures that all services are doing their job and preventing any form of violence, abuse, bullying, humiliation, and degradation towards vulnerable people. These working strategies help reduce the risk of adults being abused as each organization is required the implementation of this work and representative on the local safeguarding Adults. This service also involves measuring achievements of the standards and introduced support programmes to assist in the process of safeguarding. They aim to ensure a nation-wide approach for protection of adults and closer multi-agency working. The Protection of Vulnerable Adults Scheme for Adults Placement Schemes 2004: this covers to protect adults from any sort of rick and harm and is required to staff who work in care homes, provide personal care in adult’s own homes or provide foster care for adults to be checked against the POVA list of banned professionals. Dignity in Care initiative 2006: This is a campaign that aims to end toleration of indignity in health and social care services through raising awareness and encouraging people to challenge poor service and lack of respect and also ensures all the order people to be treated with dignity and respect when receiving care from health and social care services. The service user receives a guide information which explains their rights and what they need to be provided and what they will be expecting from the health care services, this enables the elderly person to be aware of their rights and how they can identify when they are being abused by the care provider, this also helps reduce the risk and harm that might face the vulnerable adults. Human Right in Health Care -A Framework for Local Action 2007/08: This framework assists local NHS to trust develop and apply human rights approaches in the design and delivery of their services. Human rights aim to provide health care department with the principles of fairness, respect, equality, and dignity, this ensure all healthcare service users are not being discriminated against and are all being treated equally regardless of their backgrounds skin color and also as well as meeting Care Quality Commission standards of human rights and patients’ treatment and these working strategies reduces the risk of abuse towards patients and vulnerable people. Codes of Practice for Nursing and Social Work: This strategy of codes of practice for nursing and social work helps to reduce the risk of abuse against the vulnerable individual as the code presents the professional standards that nurses and midwives must uphold in order to be registered to practice in the UK. It is structured around four themes priorities people, practice effectively, preserves safety and promotes professionalism and trust and the code can be used by nurses and midwives as a way of reinforcing their professionalism.