Where do you stand on the question of women in math and science Essay

Where do you stand on the question of women in math and science - Essay Example The point is, both gender has the same cognitive ability and aptitude. These abilities however can only be similar under normal conditions and without the intervention and threat of gender stereotype. The gap in academic performance will appear once the threat prejudice is applied and this persists in the professional life assuming that the female student was able to overcome the threat stereotype condition in the academe. In the essay "Women in Math and Science" of the book Writing Arguments -A Rhetoric with Readings, it showed how powerful prejudice and stereotype threat condition is in debilitating the capability of a person. In fact a study showed that even men are vulnerable to it. In a controlled condition conducted, two sets of white Caucasian men were asked to take an exam in math. The other set was subjected to stereotype threat condition that Asian are better than them in math while the other set took their test regularly. The result showed that Caucasian men who were subje cted to the prejudice of stereotype threat performed less than the other group who were not subjected to the same prejudice. Of course the group who underperformed is not less tough or less than bright than the other group but only showed how stereotype threat can undermine one’s ability. ... In fact, the cases among women are quite strange. Despite incidence of women who are performing well in school particularly in math and science, there are still fewer of them who are in the field of engineering and science. As I write this paper, I cannot recall anybody who is a popular female engineer, a scientist, or an astronaut. Apparently, prejudice still haunts them beyond school. That even if they managed to overcome the threat of stereotype in the academe, the prejudice still exists against them along the way when they are charting their career path. Somehow somewhere, this gender stereotype is still sabotaging them to land in a profession that is heavy in math and science because they are women. The sorry thing about this phenomenon is not that the threat stereotype condition can still hinder women in realizing their potential and contributing fully to society but rather, on our failure as a society to optimize the capability to contribute to the general good of society and to themselves. It may be subtler now and not as overt during the Middle Ages but it still exist. We can only glean from the evidence of women’s lack or non-participation in professions they are very much capable of but are excluded by the stereotype of male domination. In fact, the women’s challenge in dealing with subjects that relates to math and science is twice as much as men. First, she has to overcome the prejudice of gender stereotype which is known to effectively debilitate women’s ability to perform according to her potential. And if she is able to overcome it, the profession that she intends to practice her ability limits her option because she is a woman. Yet, despite this prejudice against her gender, she could even be still considered lucky because she is in

External Factors Affect On Organisations | Case Study

External Factors Affect On Organisations | Case Study External factors have an immediate effect on an organizations planning. Marketing a product takes thorough planning. Managers organize ideas on where to market a product that provides benefits to other countries. Leading globalization can be difficult because other countries may not want to use a product they are unfamiliar with. Therefore, a thorough explanation of why a product would be beneficial in another country is very important (Moon, 2010). The cell phone for instance has brought forth much controversy. Rates, service areas for Internet, communication, contractual agreements, and a wide range of other issues have been broad topics for subscribers of cell phones. To control globalization, cell phone providers must have management teams that extend enough information about products to other countries to determine if the product is marketable around the globe (Moon, 2010). Information is organized through technology; via Internet so customers are better informed regarding price, and other vital information before purchasing. Innovative technology has brought forth social networking sites. Companies such as Google have created blog forums where customers can share thoughts about a product hence, making others aware before purchasing. 1.2.the needs and Expectations of stakeholders in orchid The board of Piramal Healthcare has approved the spin-off of the New Chemical Entity (NCE) from Piramal Life Sciences, reports CNBC-TV18. The unit will then be merged with parent. According to the company filing with BSE, shareholders will be issued one fully paid up equity share of Rs 2 of parent Piramal Healthcare for every four shares of Rs 10 held of Piramal Life Sciences. Investment in NCE research calls for sharper research focus, longer time horizon and higher risk appetite, said a press release. CNBC-TV18 had earlier reported about how Piramal Health is more poised to take the risks arising from the drug discovery business than Piramal Life Sciences. This demerger is expected to be completed in six months, Ajay Piramal was quoted as saying. Piramal hopes, ultimately, to re-absorb Piramal Life Sciences back into the company. According to CNBC-TV18, long-term strategies of the company include hiking capacity in active pharmaceutical ingredients segment and formulations business. 1.3. major changes taking place in the external environment it affects stretegy This process is most applicable to strategic management at the business unit level of the organization. For large corporations, strategy at the corporate level is more concerned with managing a portfolio of businesses. For example, corporate level strategy involves decisions about which business units to grow, resource allocation among the business units, taking advantage of synergies among the business units, and mergers and acquisitions. In the process outlined here, company or firm will be used to denote a single-business firm or a single business unit of a diversified firm. Once the firm has specified its objectives, it begins with its current situation to devise a strategic plan to reach those objectives. Changes in the external environment often present new opportunities and new ways to reach the objectives. An environmental scan is performed to identify the available opportunities. The firm also must know its own capabilities and limitations in order to select the opportunities that it can pursue with a higher probability of success. The situation analysis therefore involves an analysis of both the external and internal environment. The external environment has two aspects: the macro-environment that affects all firms and a micro-environment that affects only the firms in a particular industry. The macro-environmental analysis includes political, economic, social, and technological factors and sometimes is referred to as a PEST analysis. 2.1. Appropriate Tools to analyse Current business Plan What next? This is the question on the minds of the shareholders. We have drawn up a growth blueprint for the company, segregated into short and medium-term business drivers focusing on ramping up of the existing business verticals, creating front-end marketing organisations and entering new high-growth product segments. In the short term, we have identified key areas which will drive business growth for your company. We will cater to the API needs of Hospira and other global innovators in addition to our regular API and formulation sales in the emerging markets. We will strengthen our geographical presence in key regulated markets like the US, Europe and Japan. Currently, we are marketing around 10 products in the oral cephalosporins segment and 5 products in the NPNC (Non-penicillin, Non-cephalosporin) segment. Your company will further strengthen its product basket for catering to these markets. Our focus on acquiring front-end marketing companies possessing infrastructure, people, product registrations and approvals will augur well in the medium term. Our product pipeline in the regulated markets will be filled with our own molecules, ANDAs and in-licensed products. This will help us strengthen our product basket and maximise and internalise value which was earlier shared with our marketing partners. 2.2.Orchid Chemicals in its current market Since inception, your company established a strong foothold in niche therapeutic segments which are relatively uncluttered due to the inherent technical complexity. In doing so, your company grew in size and is now a global name in its operating domains. In recent times, your companys performance in the global and domestic markets could not translate into robust growth for the company and superior shareholder value creation. This was primarily owing to the sizeable debt burden which weighed heavy on your companys profitability. With the debt levels coming down and with a strong growth strategy in place, this is set to change going forward. My fellow shareholders may have a number of apprehensions about the future of the company 2.3.competitive strength and weakness e expect strong year-on-year growth over the next three years by focusing on the non-penicillin, non-cephalosporin (NPNC) segment where we possess a strong basket of over 73 products spanning diverse therapeutic areas. We possess marketing alliances in the US and Europe with prominent players such as Actavis, North Star and Alvogen for 31 NPNC products. We also expect to capitalise on Para IV opportunities; our 8 Para IV FTF filings provide a revenue potential of about US$ 80 Mn. A favourable outcome in any patent challenge litigation could result in our being awarded the 180-day exclusivity. 3.1. strategic options What next? This is the question on the minds of the shareholders. We have drawn up a growth blueprint for the company, segregated into short and medium-term business drivers focusing on ramping up of the existing business verticals, creating front-end marketing organisations and entering new high-growth product segments. In the short term, we have identified key areas which will drive business growth for your company. We will cater to the API needs of Hospira and other global innovators in addition to our regular API and formulation sales in the emerging markets. We will strengthen our geographical presence in key regulated markets like the US, Europe and Japan. Currently, we are marketing around 10 products in the oral cephalosporins segment and 5 products in the NPNC (Non-penicillin, Non-cephalosporin) segment. Your company will further strengthen its product basket for catering to these markets. 3.2. comparative understanding of an activity The performance of your company in the first quarter of the current financial year reflects the start of a robust growth journey. Going forward, your company is well poised to ramp up its API and formulations business based on specific product-market contracts and regulatory filings which will help spread the growth canvas wider. We entered into an out-licensing and distribution agreement with the US-based pharma major Alvogen for marketing 8 oral non-antibiotic generic formulations in the US market. These products cater to the high-growth therapeutic segments of CNS and osteoporosis, among others and have a cumulative addressable market size estimated at USD 8 billion. Your company also recently acquired Karalex Pharma, LLC, a US-based generic marketing and sales services company through an all-cash deal for creating a front-end presence in the US market to deliver generic products to the US customers directly. Karalex Pharma is a leading provider of generic pharmaceuticals, focused exclusively on the US healthcare market. 3.4. future organizational strategy Our focus on acquiring front-end marketing companies possessing infrastructure, people, product registrations and approvals will augur well in the medium term. Our product pipeline in the regulated markets will be filled with our own molecules, ANDAs and in-licensed products. This will help us strengthen our product basket and maximise and internalise value which was earlier shared with our marketing partners. 4.1. participation from all stake holders I take the opportunity to thank the Central and State governments, financial institutions, public and private sector banks, government agencies and non-government institutions for extending their support in your companys growth and development. 4.2. potential options for strategy plan I thank your companys valued business stakeholders namely vendors, customers, strategic alliance partners and business associates for their exceptional support during difficult times, in accomplishing our business plans. Most importantly, I acknowledge the critical role played by the employees whose contribution to your companys business growth has been paramount. On behalf of the Board, I would like to thank all the shareholders for their unstinted support in helping your company enhance its technological and business strengths and remain on the growth path. 4.3.strtegy plan includes resorce implication: n the API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) segment, your company increased its cumulative US DMF filing count to 82. The break-up of the total filings is: 30 in the cephalosporin Segment, 39 in NPNC segment, 2 in the betalactam segment and 11 in the carbapenems segment. The cumulative filings of CoS (Certificate of Suitability) for the European market stood at 20 which includes 13 in cephalosporin segment, 6 in the NPNC segment and 1 in the betalactam segment. With a robust product development pipeline, your Companys filing and approval count is poised to increase in the coming months and quarters. 5.1. organizational Values: Most organisations are mostly driven by strategies. We are also driven by values. Corporate Social Responsibility Respect for the Individual Excellence Innovation Value for Stakeholders 5.2 vission and mission statements: Vision Enriching Lives through Innovation in Healthcare Mission Discovery to Delivery Orchid is a vertically integrated pharmaceutical company with established research, manufacturing and marketing capabilities across multi-therapeutic domains. We successfully leverage our penchant for science and technology to create niche products and manufacturing platforms leading to attractive growth. 5.3. Future Management Objrctive: Innovation drives growth. Sensitive to market needs and committed to innovation, here at Orchid we focus on niche product manufacturing platforms, combining cutting-edge technology and the best minds in the business. Valuing People We value individuality and creativity. Our unique People and Process Paradigm helps achieve the twin objective emphasis on regulatory and compliance on one hand, while fostering innovation and creativity on the other. Peak Performance We seek to build a sustainable organisational eco-system where one is constantly motivated to attain new heights and empowered to discover new avenues for growth. Quality Quality has always been a strong part of Orchids proposition. Our quality initiative covers all aspects including product quality, operational quality, environmental quality and finally a good quality of life for our people. Harmony with Society We seek to balance environmental impact and economic interest in all our business activities. Committed to the development of the society, culture and economy, we dutifully observe laws; demonstrate high ethical standards and endeavour to preserve the environment. 5.4. Evaluating Stretegy Plan Government: It has the mechanics to receive and document the needs of society. It also has the legislative and administrative power to take forward development programs. Industry: It has the strength of technology and managerial skills required to identify solutions and execute projects in a time-bound manner. NGOs and other Institutions: They penetrate deep into the community to propagate ideas and act as a vibrant feedback mechanism. We have always believed that enhancing the social well-being of individuals would add a lot more meaning to our overall business existence. Caring for the people and the community has therefore been an important facet of our business philosophy. We are happy that we have influenced the lives of several people in the vicinity of our facilitates through the several initiatives and programmes undertaken by the Trust. 6.1. Schedule for implementing stretgic planning Our oral non-cephalosporin formulations facility specialises in the manufacturing of nutraceutical products. The facility produces a range of dietary supplements for the advanced markets. Many other high-value products like anti-diabetics, cardio vascular drugs (CVS), anti-depressants and anti-epileptics are manufactured in this facility to cater to the emerging markets. 6.2. To gain commitment from stake holders We have a long tradition of successful collaborations. Our approach to partnerships has been path-breaking and successful in the Indian pharmaceutical industry in terms of product and market coverage and leveraging each others partnership strengths. They are an essential and integral part of our research and business strategy. Every day, we commit ourselves to aligning our capabilities with business opportunities and everything we do is based on being easy to work with to ensure mutual success. We continuously engage in new projects to aid technology development, development of new molecules, chemical process enhancement and innovative drug delivery systems development 6.3.monitoring the evaluation system for the implementation of a strategy plan rchid has emerged as a full-fledged pharmaceutical corporation with end-to-end connectivity from discovery to delivery. Each alliance we build is based on a shared vision with well-defined goals and objectives. We have the ability to leverage and represent our entire portfolio of products and services based on their core competencies, partner great models, build and sustain operations. By pooling the talents of our science and business teams, we have engaged in numerous collaborations with a range of companies and research institutions. We look to build upon our existing strengths as well as to create new areas of expertise. Lab Report: Heat Capacity Ratio For Gases Lab Report: Heat Capacity Ratio For Gases Jekathjenani Ratnakumaran Introduction: Heat capacity of gases is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one mole of the gas through one degree Celsius at constant pressure or volume. Heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp), the volume will increase and heat capacity at constant volume (CV), the pressure will increase. The main physical properties of gases are compressed in the state, expand themselves to fill the entire containers, and thus obeys the second law of thermodynamics. It occupies more space, compare to liquids and solids. Gases has no fixed shape. The physical state of the gases can be defined by, PV = nRT P- pressure of the gas, V- Volume of the gas, T- Temperature of the gas, n- number of moles of the substance present on the gas and R- Gas constant. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of the heat capacity ratio, ÃŽ ³ = Cp/CV for giving gases such as argon, oxygen, nitrogen and nitrous oxide using adiabatic expansion. This experiment is mainly based on measuring the pressure of the gases. Pressure can be measured by the force applied by the collision of the molecules or atoms with the surface or the walls of the tube. Pressure is measured in psi (Pounds per Square Inch) unit using manometer (P.Atkins et al, 2008). At room temperature, nitrogen is a colorless diatomic molecule of gas. It occupied 78.09% of earths atmosphere. Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms and about 3% of nitrogen are available in human body. Similarly, oxygen is a colorless, diatomic molecules and occupied about 20.95% earths atmosphere. Its a highly reactive organic element and also it plays an important role in the respiration mechanism. Argon is another important gas, also called as inert gas as it is stable. It occupied about 0.93% of earths atmosphere and its colorless, nontoxic element. Nitrous oxide is a colorless, nonflammable gas and also known as laughing gas. It also takes place in the earths atmosphere as it is produced by the bacteria in the soil and ocean. Adiabatic expansion is the process which takes place with no transfer of heat between the system and surroundings. The ratio, ÃŽ ³ will be compared with the theoretical value. Using the adiabatic expansion, three states of gas such as before the expansion (P1), immediately after expansion (P2) and after returning to room temperature (P3) can be observed. Based on these values, the heat capacity ratio can be determined. The ratio of heat capacity can be calculated using the following formula, ÃŽ ³ ratio of heat capacity Cp- heat capacity at constant pressure Cv- heat capacity at constant volume Methods: This experiment was conducted by following the procedure given in the laboratory manual by the department of chemistry, Trent University. Related questions Answers: Ideal gas law, PV = nRT As the density, Ï  = m/V, the density can be calculated using the above equation, Ï  = PM / RT P = Pressure; M = Molar mass; R = gas constant; T = Temperature For Nitrogen, P = 14.476 psi = 1.018 kg/cm2 T = 22 0C = 295 K M = 0.028 Kg /mol R = 8.314 Jm3/Kmol = 84.784 x 10-6 m3 kg/cm2.K-1mol-1 Using the above calculation method, density of remaining gases was calculated. For oxygen, Ï  = 1.301 Kgm-3 For argon, Ï  = 1.595 Kgm-3 For nitrous oxide, Ï  = 1.790Kgm-3 PV = nRT P = 14.550 psi = 0.9900 atm V = 30 L R = 0.08206 Latm/Kmol T = 295K n = 1.227 mol Molecules = n x 6.022 x1023 = 7.389 x 1023 molecules the carboy holds under prevailing laboratory conditions. For nitrogen, Collision frequency of molecules of nitrogen can be calculated using the following formula, N = 6.022 x 1023/ mol A = 0.60 m2 P = 0.985 atm = 99808.5066 pa R = 8.314 J/K mol = 8.314 Kg m2 /s2 K mol M = 28 g / mol = 0.028 Kg/mol T = 295 K Z = 1.736 x 1027 s-1 Results: Table 1 represents the observations and reading of pressure obtained for the Argon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Nitrous Oxide. The unit of pressure is recorded in psi. Figure 1 represents the heat capacity ratio of the given gases: nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon and Nitrous Oxide. Data Analysis Calculations: For Nitrogen: ÃŽ ³1 = 0.02773 / 0.02111 = 1.3134 Mean value Nitrogen, ÃŽ ³ = (ÃŽ ³1 + ÃŽ ³2 + ÃŽ ³3) / 3 = (1.3134 + 1.2476 + 1.2834) / 3 = 1.2814 Discussion: The experiment was conducted with careful consideration to get the result as close as to the real value. However, due to the some experimental error involved in this experiment, the calculated values are not close to the literature value. The calculated heat capacity ratios for the given gases: nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and nitrous oxide are 1.2815, 1.0248, 1.4268, 1.0163 respectively. The literature heat capacity ratio values are 1.4000 (nitrogen), 1.6667 (argon), 1.4000 (oxygen) and 1.3100 (nitrous oxide) (P.Atkins et al, 2008). Figure 1 represents the heat capacity ratio of the given gases. Based on the graph shown on figure 1, heat capacity ratio of oxygen and nitrous oxide are lower than the nitrogen and argon. In comparison with the literature value, nitrogen and argon are closer to the calculated heat capacity value. However, the calculated percentage error is 8.46% and 14.4% respectively. In the case of oxygen and nitrous oxide, calculated value more deviated from the literatu re value and the calculated percentage error are 26.8% and 22.42% respectively. These differences between the calculated and literature value heat capacity ratio value occurred due to the experimental error. Equipments used in this experiment were used by the previous batch. As the experiment was conducted using the pre setup equipments, there might be an error in the flow of gases through the tubes. Due to these occurrences, there might be changes in the pressure. Since the flow rate of gases are in larger amount, it could have heavily affected the final results. Gas leak is one of the major concern which lead to decrease in pressure and affected the result. Moreover, the adjustment made at the flow rate of gases also might be lead to the error in the heat capacity value. As the digital manometer is open ended to the atmosphere, there might be an error due to the unstable atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, due to the weather condition (winter), temperature and pressure changes and might not favored to conduct the experiment. Conclusion: In conclusion, the heat capacity ratio of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and nitrous oxide were calculated using the adiabatic expansion. In order to get accuracy of result, the precision can be improved by more attention on the experimental procedure and handling the equipments. Also, accurate result can be made by observing the measurements such as notifying the pressure of gases and units in a proper manner. References K.Lunder et al (1999); Heat Capacity Ratios For Gases: The Sound Velocity Method, Physical Chemistry 301, Augustana College P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Atkins’ Physical Chemistry, 8th ed., W. H.Freeman and Co., New York (2006).

Dead Mens Path by Chinua Achebe Essay example -- Chinua Achebe Dead

â€Å"Dead Men’s Path† by Chinua Achebe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this short story â€Å"Dead Men’s Path,† Chinua Achebe gives the protagonist an exciting chance to fulfill his dream. Michael Obi was fixed officially headmaster of Ndume Central School, which was backward in every sense. He had to turn the school into a progressive one, however the school received a bad report when the supervisor came to inspect. Why did the school get a nasty report and Obi could not become a glorious headmaster even though he put his whole life into it? In order to find out the answer, we have to examine Michael Obi’s personality and the event that made the supervisor to write an airier result.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michael Obi was a secondary school teacher. â€Å"The Ndume Central School had always been an unprogressive, so the mission authorities decided to send a young and energetic man to run it† (331). Obi was a juvenile and a jaunty man. Within Obi’s confidence, the reader can see his ardent desire. â€Å"He had many wonderful ideas and this was an opportunity to put them into practice† (331). By this golden chance he wanted to show other people how a school should be run. Obi wanted â€Å"his associates to give all their time and energy to the school† (331) because they were not married. He and his wife were very excited to work for the school. They both had made a plan to make the school modern and delightful. Even though Obi accepted his responsibility with enthusiasm, he could not become a great principal. Why? There should be some ...

Buddhism from a Philosophical Standpoint

When one attempts to put religion under the inquiry of philosophy, there is an important thing that must be clarified. One must be aware that philosophy is both a science of systematic thinking and a way of life. As a science, philosophy explores the ultimate causes and purposes of all things that exist. It entails adherence to rigorous logic and impassioned critique of nearly all things that may be put into question. Which is why, it is a strict rational science (if not the most rigorous one).However, one needs to equally remember that philosophy can also pertain to a principle about life, or a life-influencing belief system. To be sure, this second notion of philosophy enjoys more usage than the previous one nowadays. For instance, many self-help books promising to teach people new philosophies to help them emerge successful in life end up in bookstores as top-sellers and/or top-grosser. One can call both of them – the philosophic inquiry into things and the less rigorous ad herence to some principles about life – as philosophies in their own respects.Studying religion from a philosophical standpoint entails an inquiry figuring in two levels as well. Religion must be seen both as a subject that can be assessed, and a way of life that has to be lived. As an object of philosophic inquiry, religion must be evaluated according to the tenets it holds or the doctrines it teaches. As a way of life, religion must be seen in the context of ritual or ethical practices stemming from a belief system. Thus, in studying religion, one is able to gather philosophical analyses from certain practices and beliefs.In a way, it is the result of combining the two basic understandings of philosophy into a single framework. Rationale and Methodology The aim of this paper is to present Buddhism from the standpoint of philosophy. This means that some of the basic questions that philosophy asks shall be answered in the light of what Buddhism teaches. What could those basic questions be? First, there is a question about ontology. Under this specific inquiry, one looks at how Buddhism perceives all things that exist.Next, there is cosmology; an inquiry which enables one to ask: how does Buddhism understand the world? Other concerns include anthropology (read: how do they understand man? ) and ethics (read: how do they assess what could be morally acceptable or not). But ultimately, since Buddhism is acknowledged as one of the major religions of the world right now, a philosophic inquiry should include exploring their basic notions about God; and thus, theology. After all, religion is essentially about a â€Å"belief in Spiritual Beings† (McCutcheon, 2007, p.22) translated most frequently into a belief in a kind of God. Buddhism: History and Core Doctrines Buddhism is a religious movement which started approximately 500 years before Christ (Griffiths, 1997, p. 15). It first spread across most of the Indian peninsula, only to be dispersed outside the region later on. At present, its influence is embraced not just by Indians but also by those coming from countries which comprise the South and South East Asia region, a few areas in Japan and some provinces of China.It needs to be mentioned that Buddhism is a religious phenomenon characterized by diversity in forms and practices. Buddhism, says one author, is a â€Å"very differentiated† religion (Griffiths, 1997, p. 5). One may not find the same strain of Buddhism found, say, in South East Asia, and another one coming from, say, a southern province of India. Right now, there are a myriad of groups claiming to adhere to a unique practice of Buddhism on their own. In effect, it makes Buddhism a kind of religion that seems neither to teach nor require uniformity of doctrines from all its adherents.Buddhism is a religion that draws heavily from the inspiration lent by its recognized founder, Gautama Sakayamuni (later on to become Gautama Buddha) – a person who exempl ified for them a life of total freedom and perpetual meditation in order to arrive at an utterly blissful state called Nirvana. By and large, it is about an adherence to a lifestyle that seeks authentic enlightenment; and not about a longing for the Transcendent which most religions of the world are concerned with. For this reason, some thinkers are entertaining the idea that Buddhism is, after all, â€Å"not a religion but a way of life† (Humphreys, 1997, p.13). Buddhism, as many authors have noted, is a movement associated not so much with a set of doctrinal teachings as a â€Å"body of teachings with spiritual benefits† (Williams, 1989, p. 2). In fact, many Buddhism-inclined literatures encompass teachings not really about religious worship, but about way of living, ritual practices, devotional meditation (Mitchell, 2002, p. 1), among others. Owing much from the teachings which Gautama Buddha has left, Buddhism teaches that life is in a state of perpetual quest for enlightenment marked by a feeling of constant dissatisfaction (Williams, 1989, p.34). Buddha himself was a testament to this. After leaving home at an early age, Gautama ventured on a life-journey to seek for enlightenment; a precious state he could not seem to find in the world as he got to know it. As he tried to quell the gripping loneliness and instinctive drive to satisfy pleasures, Gautama sought answer and solace through meditation. His meditation led him to see that impermanence, dissatisfaction and a fluid sense of self constitute the basic truths of reality (Williams, 1989, pp.34-36). He further taught that a human person is really nothing, but only takes form as someone constituted by five different â€Å"aggregates† namely, â€Å"form (material constitution), sensation, perception, mental formations and consciousness† (Williams, 1989, p. 37). One should now that one of the chief elements that defines the uniqueness of Buddhism lies in how they consider all things to be illusory, since they subscribe to the idea that â€Å"things are not what they seem† (Griffiths, 1997, p. 20).Some of their other teachings about life include the following: value for the principle of moderation, belief in Karma and perpetual recurrence of everything that exists, belief in life’s four noble truths (life is suffering, the cause of suffering is cravings for pleasure, freedom from suffering is temperance from pleasures, and a way to stop suffering is by following the eight-fold path), and the practice of the noble eight-fold paths (right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right living, right conduct, right mindfulness and right concentration) in one’s life (Mitchell, 2002, pp. 45-47). A Philosophical AnalysisJudging from the ideas raised in the Introduction of this work, it is clear that one must consider Buddhism a type of philosophy – that is, as a way of life. Many authors have already proceeded to claim that this particular religious phenomenon is chiefly characterized by the numerous practical precepts which serve as guides towards an enlightened living. It is good to note that Buddhism, pretty much like philosophy, is concerned with the pursuit of enlightenment or truth. An enlightened self – immortalized perhaps in Western Philosophy by Plato’s Allegory of the Cave – is surely the goal why one enters into philosophical discourses.In so far as Buddhism offers its own distinct ways to attain enlightenment as well, it is therefore with good reasons that one should classify this religion as philosophical in many ways. Buddhism however does not stop at stipulating suggestions for right living alone. As a system of belief, it also offers perspectives about the whole of reality. Like philosophical discourses, Buddhism is a belief system that speaks of its perspective about the ultimate realities like human existence, cosmology, human knowledge, ontology and theology.Sur ely, there is a need to look into these briefly Buddhism’s take on reality encourages an attitude of detachment on account of a belief that â€Å"everything is impermanent† (Griffiths, 1997, p. 16), and therefore in a state of constant flux. Much of Buddhism’s view about reality rests on the belief that the world is full of ‘diversity’, and the more is able to ‘reveal’ or appreciate it, the closer is one to the truth about the ever passing universe (Williams, 1989, p. 3).This idea is interestingly shared by an ancient Western philosopher that went by the name Heraclitus, who taught that â€Å"fire†- an element in a perpetual state of movement – is the basic element that constitutes reality. Buddhism, one need to remember, is not so much concerned with the rigorous definition of reality. But in so far it embraces an attitude of non-attachment in relating to all things, Buddhism has to anchor this belief system on a formidab le reason – that one’s attachment over things is futile given the fact that all things pass away.In fact, most of what Buddhism teaches is drawn from this ontological belief; and this doctrine of impermanence must be seen as a recurrent theme in its whole system of perspective. As far as Epistemology is concerned, the doctrine of impermanence is also maintained. Buddhism teaches that nothing can be known with exact certitude because all things are ephemeral and thus, as mentioned a while ago, â€Å"they are not what they seem† (Griffiths, 1997, p. 19). Everything is subject to change and passes away.Thus, one may not arrive at a definitive knowledge about things at all. Which is why, Buddha maintained that â€Å"dissatisfaction† is a constant theme that defines the feelings of all who search for knowledge or truth (Mitchell, 2002, p. 33). No one is able to know what reality is; and its appearance is often misleading. One may notice that this epistemology is actually consistent with Buddhism’s anthropology, or, its understanding of human nature. If one checks the teachings of Buddha about man, one can clearly see the doctrine of impermanence as patent in it too.Buddha believes that human nature is nothing but a constitution of events called materiality, sensation, conceptualization, volition and consciousness (Griffiths, 1997, p. 20). This type of anthropology views man not as an existing individual substance (which most of Western Philosophy have understood what human nature is), but an â€Å"impermanent self† constituted by personal events (Griffith, 1997, p. 20). Cosmology for Buddhism follows the same line of logic. Constant flux is patent in its belief that the world follows a rhythm of birth and rebirth, of cycle and current, of existence and passage.The bulk of Buddhism’s teachings therefore solemnly enjoin its adherents to develop an attitude of detachment. Anchored on a belief that nothing in this world ever remains the same over a period of time, Buddhism points that the path towards Nirvana – or ultimate sense of bliss – lies in a state of total freedom from what this world actually offers. Lastly, it is quite interesting to point out that Buddhism rarely engages in a question about the ultimate reality or God. Broadly speaking, the whole philosophy of impermanence is at odds with a concept of deity.The general theory about God stipulates that ‘It† is a Supreme Being defined by eternality, omniscience, omnipotence and changelessness. In a belief system where the central truth about reality rests on the ephemeral nature of all things, the concept of God is really something hard to conceive (Griffiths, 1997, p. 22). How can there be such a Being when the general characteristic of all things – supposedly including God – is change and flux? More importantly, one can ask: how can one consider Buddhism a religion at all if one is not willing to r econcile its theology with its ontology?Griffith believes that the metaphysics of impermanence makes Buddhism deny the existence of God all together (Griffith, 1997, p. 23). But the image of Buddha as the exemplification of their quest for a transcendent end, translated in Nirvana, is perhaps the only figure of deity Buddhism actually posses. Conclusion Buddhism is both a philosophy and a religious movement. As a philosophy, it offers its adherents a way of life observed in a tradition marked by meditation, introspection, constant purgation of desire and an unending quest for enlightenment.As a religious movement, it is concerned with the pursuit of â€Å"transcendent ends† (Slater, 1978, p. 6) they call Nirvana. Buddhism offers its own understanding of reality too. Its doctrines are highly influenced by the teachings of its founder Gautama Buddha. In this paper, it has been noted that their belief system can also be evaluated under the categories which Western philosophy use s – metaphysics, epistemology, cosmology, anthropology and theology.These aspects are given meaning by a pervading concept of impermanence and dissatisfaction. Buddhism draws largely from a belief that everything in the world is impermanent, and that all people are enjoined to meet it with an attitude of detachment and self-control. The path towards true enlightenment happens only when one is able to see beyond what reality offers, and seek the true meaning of existence that lies only within. References Humphreys, C. (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Buddhism.Chicago: NTC. Griffiths, P. Buddhism. In Quinn, P. & Taliaferro, C. (Eds. ), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion. Massachusetts: Blackwell. McCutcheon, R. (2007). Studying Religion. An Introduction. London: Equinox. Mitchell, D. (2002). Introducing the Buddhist Experience. New York: Oxford University Slater, P. (1978). The Dynamics of Religion. Meaning and Change in Religious Traditions. San Francisco: Harper and Row. Wi lliams, P. (1989). Mahayana Buddhism. Doctrinal Foundations. New York: Routledge.

Preserve Knowledge Essay

Dear Sir, Have you ever noticed how people live all their lives in the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom? As a society, we put so much emphasis upon enriching our lives through education and it never seems to dawn upon us that upon our demise, all of this knowledge we thirsted to have in life becomes a forgotten part of our existence. It bothers me when I hear about people committing suicide or killing an innocent person because all of the knowledge they gained in life goes with them to the grave and is then lost forever. This is why I have decided that the time has come for me to write a book that will help people come to terms with their personalities and perhaps learn to appreciate their reason for being in this world in the process. If I can touch a life and prevent even one homicide of suicide case in the world, then my book † Preserve Knowledge: The Healing of the Nation† will have accomplished its objective to save lives and preserve knowledge. Nobody really understands why people commit crimes against lives and how it affects the perpetrator spiritually. I would like to help in understanding their situation by helping them in their healing process and introducing them to other spiritual leaders who were once lost and without direction in their lives and have now become leaders of society. Only by understanding these people and their situations will it be possible for us to communicate with our inner self and soul and eventually understand how wisdom of the mind and soul becomes a reality. Through my book, I wish to help people come to the realization that when a person dies or is killed, everything he has learned in life becomes useless. There was no transference of knowledge to the living that are capable of propagating the knowledge shared with them by the deceased. By helping people to survive, we preserve knowledge and in the end the shared knowledge helps in empowering a nation. An intellectual nation is a rich nation. My book will concentrate on developing the 2 most important areas of development in a human being. These are the mind and soul. It is imperative that the mind of a person be developed because the mind can be likened to an absorbent sponge that will absorb all information that comes its way. It is like a blank slate waiting to be written upon using permanent ink. Although the mind filters information, it also helps the soul develop through logical connections and thinking. The soul on the other hand helps that knowledge we collect to become part of a person’s personality and memory database. During the times when the soul feels so tired that if seems to make more sense to end your life, a person feels hopeless. But this is not the way God intended for us to live our lives. God created man to be the highest and most intelligent form of animals because only man was tasked with the duty of taking care of our planet and recording its history. This is the main reason why all knowledge and information that each man has in his mind and soul must be shared with others. Sharing information with the right people always helps to enrich lives. When a person feels good about himself and he has the right kind of support to help him overcome his shortcomings, the nation benefits. That person will always turn out to be a valuable asset to society and whose contribution would be solely missed if he were to take his knowledge to the grave with him. This is why it is imperative that my book â€Å"Preserve Knowledge: The Healing of the Nation† must be published. So many lives are lost these days to suicide or homicide. Imagine all the knowledge that is snatched away from us. We should not allow the draining of this knowledge to proceed any further. Needless to say, only my book can show us how to do this. This is why I am imploring your help in order to see my book published. If you believe in the same causes that I do, this book will be a valuable asset to your personal library.

Free Essays on Why Latinos Should Oppose Bilingual Education

â€Å"Nationwide, about 3.5 million public school students don’t know English well enough to succeed in a regular classroom. Some school districts must accommodate children from 60 or more language groupsmany who are five or six years old and entering school for the first time, others who are older and may or may not have attended school in their homeland.† Most of these children in years past would have been expected to learn the English on their own, â€Å"sinking or swimming.† Many children did not learn this way. Bilingual programs did not devote enough time to English, so most students spent years in the programs, never really progressing. However, Christian Dominguez, a seven year old boy went from not speaking a word of English to being able to read whole books in English. In 1998, Californians voted against bilingual education and adopted â€Å"English immersion† programs. Most bilingual educators were opposed to the program at first, but tw o years later test scores had risen from the 19 percentile to the 40 percentile for limited-English-proficient students. And not just in one district, it occurred in the districts that had implemented the English immersion program in place of the bilingual education. In districts that refused to implement the program, scores did not change. Opposer of the change, Kenji Hakuta told reporters that â€Å"the scores were meaningless because the tests themselves were designed for native English speakers†. That makes the argument point even stronger for English immersion. Eventually, people started to catch on that the best way to teach any language is to teach in that language. Washington has not been so ready to pick up on California’s experience, and is still increasing funding to programs that do not work. However, â€Å"thousands of California students like Dominquez will be making steady progress toward realizing their American Dream thanks to their newfound com mand of English.ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Why Latinos Should Oppose Bilingual Education Free Essays on Why Latinos Should Oppose Bilingual Education â€Å"Nationwide, about 3.5 million public school students don’t know English well enough to succeed in a regular classroom. Some school districts must accommodate children from 60 or more language groupsmany who are five or six years old and entering school for the first time, others who are older and may or may not have attended school in their homeland.† Most of these children in years past would have been expected to learn the English on their own, â€Å"sinking or swimming.† Many children did not learn this way. Bilingual programs did not devote enough time to English, so most students spent years in the programs, never really progressing. However, Christian Dominguez, a seven year old boy went from not speaking a word of English to being able to read whole books in English. In 1998, Californians voted against bilingual education and adopted â€Å"English immersion† programs. Most bilingual educators were opposed to the program at first, but tw o years later test scores had risen from the 19 percentile to the 40 percentile for limited-English-proficient students. And not just in one district, it occurred in the districts that had implemented the English immersion program in place of the bilingual education. In districts that refused to implement the program, scores did not change. Opposer of the change, Kenji Hakuta told reporters that â€Å"the scores were meaningless because the tests themselves were designed for native English speakers†. That makes the argument point even stronger for English immersion. Eventually, people started to catch on that the best way to teach any language is to teach in that language. Washington has not been so ready to pick up on California’s experience, and is still increasing funding to programs that do not work. However, â€Å"thousands of California students like Dominquez will be making steady progress toward realizing their American Dream thanks to their newfound com mand of English.ï ¿ ½...

Meteorologists Are Scientists Who Study the Weather

Meteorologists Are Scientists Who Study the Weather While most people know a meteorologist is a person who is trained in the atmospheric or weather sciences, many may not be aware that there is more to a meteorologists job than simply forecasting the weather. A meteorologist is a person who has received a specialized education to use scientific principles to explain, understand, observe, and forecast the earths atmospheric phenomena and how this affects the earth and life on the planet. Weathercasters, on the other hand, do not have specialized educational backgrounds and merely disseminate weather information and forecasts prepared by others. Although not many people do it, its rather easy to  become a meteorologist- all you need to do is earn a bachelors, masters, or even doctorate in meteorology or in atmospheric sciences. After completing a degree in the field, meteorologists can apply to work for science research centers, news stations, and a variety of other government jobs related to climatology. Jobs in the Field of Meteorology While meteorologists are well-known for issuing your forecasts, this is only one example of the jobs that they do- they also report on the weather, prepare weather warnings, study long-term weather patterns, and even teach others about meteorology as professors. Broadcast meteorologists  report the weather for television, which is a popular career choice as it is entry-level, which means you only need a Bachelors degree to do it (or sometimes, no degree at all); on the other hand, forecasters are responsible for preparing and issuing weather forecasts as well as watches and warnings, to the public. Climatologists  look at long-term weather patterns and data to help assess past climate and to predict future climate trends while research meteorologists include storm chasers and hurricane hunters and require a Masters degree or a Ph.D. Research meteorologists generally work for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the  National Weather Service  (NWS), or another government agency. Some meteorologists, like  forensic  or  consulting meteorologists, are hired for their expertise in the field to help other professionals. Forensic meteorologists investigate claims for insurance companies on past weather or research past weather conditions pertaining to court cases in a court of law while consulting meteorologists are hired on by retailers, film crews, large corporations, and other non-weather companies to provide weather guidance on a variety of projects. Still, other meteorologists are more specialized.  Incident Meteorologists work with firefighters and emergency management personnel by providing  onsite weather support during wildfires and other natural disasters while  tropical  meteorologists focus on tropical storms and hurricanes. Finally, those with a passion for meteorology and education can help to create future generations of meteorologists by becoming a meteorology teacher or professor. Salaries and Compensation Meteorologist salaries vary depending on position (entry level or experienced) and the employer (federal or private) but typically range from $31,000 to over $150,000 per year; most meteorologists working in the United States can expect to make $51,000 on average. Meteorologists in the United States are most often employed by either the National Weather Service, which offers between 31 to 65 thousand dollars per year; Rockwell Collins, which offers 64 to 129 thousand dollars per year; or the U.S. Air Force (USAF), which offers salaries of 43 to 68 thousand annually. There are  many reasons to become a meteorologist, but ultimately, decided to become a scientist who studies climate and the weather should come down to your passion for the field- if you love weather data, meteorology might be the ideal career choice for you.

Common Symptoms of Eye Strain

Common Symptoms of Eye Strain Vision-intensive tasks like reading or computer work can cause the muscles in the eye severe stress, ultimately resulting in a condition known as asthenopia, or eye strain. Straining your eye muscles can produce a variety of symptoms, which means  eye strain can be a debilitating repetitive stress injury. Furthermore, you may not even recognize some of these symptoms as â€Å"eye† problems as the symptoms are typically nonspecific. However, once you understand that these issues can point to  symptoms of eye strain you are well on your way to treating eye strain or preventing eye strain entirely. Symptoms of Eye Strain Due to overwork and repetitive stress, the muscles in your eyes fatigue. The primary symptom associated with early stages of eye strain typically involve the head, neck, or backaches or dizziness and lightheadedness, and although these early symptoms may point to general work-related soreness, its best to give your body a break if you begin to feel pain near or around the eyes. Prolonged, intensive use of the eyes cause their ciliary muscles to tighten, often resulting in spasms or twitches around the eyes. This is the earliest sign directly indicative of eye strain and can intensify to include heaviness of eyelids, blurred or double vision, tired or sore eyes, or even overly watery, itchy or dry eyes.   If left untreated and exposed to continued stress, the pain can intensify resulting in a burning sensation, even with eyes closed.   Other nonspecific symptoms include car sickness, nausea, reading problems, lack of concentration, and general fatigue.   Treating Eye Strain Symptoms Although many of the above symptoms do not directly point to eye strain, if you begin experiencing more than one of these symptoms while undergoing eye-intensive tasks, it is best to take a break and assess your overall well-being. Your first response should be to cease the activity causing tension, close your eyes and relax for five to ten minutes. If you are reading, especially on a computer screen, and begin to experience these symptoms, it is best to allow your eyes and the ciliary muscles to relax by focusing away from the reading material. Focus instead on an object considerably further away. This relaxes the strained muscles of your eye and interrupts the repetitive stress of continued reading. Doing this over the course of working on eye-intensive tasks may reduce your chance of straining your eyes.   If your symptoms do not lessen as a result, you may have over-stressed your eyes. In this case, the best solution is to turn out all the lights in the room and allow your eyes to fully relax in the dark. If you are experiencing a burning sensation even with your eyes closed, covering them with a cold compress (nothing too cold, like ice) should alleviate some of the tenderness. Over time of non-use, your eyes will recover on their own. If symptoms continue to occur, even after a long rest, consult your physician as this may be indicative of a larger optical issue.   Effects of Eye Strain Chronic eye strain may also be a significant factor in learning and attention problems. Without the ability to see or read without significant discomfort, you may find yourself unable to retain information due to the distraction of pain. Chronic pain, if left untreated, may cause your vision to suffer, eventually resulting in blindness. Fortunately, diagnosing eye strain is rather easy since these symptoms typically only appear during a visually intensive task. When youre undergoing such stressful work, be sure to be aware of the fatigue of your eyes. Take breaks often and desist if eye pain continues for more than 30 minutes.

The movie rating system should be revised Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The movie rating system should be revised - Essay Example However, the rating system is not viewed as an effective and substantial body and has been criticized for a variety of reasons. The first criticism against the motion picture rating system has been presented by film critic Ebert who claims the rating system to place more importance on the minute details of the movie rather than the movie itself. This argument stands against the system's choice of picking on intricate details of the movie like the number of times a profane word is used or the number of scenes containing violence. This allows the rating system to escape from the throes of presenting the true message of the movie. For instance, a movie with sex and violence could be discussing the consequences these activities could teach to the audience. Adult ratings should be limited to those movies which show an immense degree of sex and violence. This would help in the removal of NC-17 which allows a greater number to access a variety of movies. Ratings of movies like Passion of the Christ should not have ratings that limit individuals under 17 from watching a movie (Ebert 2004). This is because the rating system creates a loss in the true message of the movie in its quest to censor the content. Another idea that stands up against movie rating systems is the belief that filmmakers are forced to change movies because the content affects the personal sensibilities of the members of the censorship board. Farber, a film critic talks of how filmmakers were threatened with an X rating to make them remove content which offended the board members (1972). This is seen as biased behavior on the part of the rating systems board because of their inability to provide a decision based solely on the judgment of creating a rating that will be friendly to the audience. Instead, the board is apt on creating ratings that will inadvertently be influenced by their personal beliefs and opinions. Another idea that talks of the flaws in the rating system is the lack of public opinion that is involved. There is a call by both conservative and liberal parties to make the rating system's methods and techniques more public thus allowing a degree of public scrutiny into their decisions. However, this idea seems a little impossible because it is impossible to pin point exact standards set up by the rating system. Movies today touch a variety of topics and issues. It is impossible to set up every method up for the public because it might not apply to each movie. Thus, setting up a public forum would be problematic because every individual's ideas vary and this could be chaotic and unhelpful. The rating system is criticized for its inability to present an equal treatment to the independent studios. This criticism lies on the belief that independent studios are not meted out with the same ratings as those given to major studios. Thus, independent studios are given a harsher rating system which is a great setback in the creation of new and diverse films. An instance of this is evident in the rating given to the movie Saints and Soldiers. The movie was created by an independent studio and created a limited amount of sex, profanity and violence. Yet, a single scene where a character is killed made the movie get a PG-13 rating (Deseret News). This is an obvious sign of bias against independent studios which can be of great harm to the creativity and emergence of unique ideas in the motion picture industry. Thus

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY-CASE STUDIES IN POLICY PowerPoint Presentation

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY-CASE STUDIES IN POLICY DECISION - PowerPoint Presentation Example The approach of selection using the strict legislative system will most certainly be merit. Therefore, the students who fail to attain pre-determined levels of competency in primary school will be forced to endure more years in intermediate schools until they attain the compulsory age where the legislation gives them the freedom to leave school. However, such a system might discourage some students who might be competent in other areas than education or for slow learners. Furthermore, the psychological impacts of compelling certain students to intermediate levels rather than allowing them to join secondary schools could be devastating to such students. The general realization is that such a system does not give students fair chances to attain their potential by condemning them to legislations, which are mainly aimed at locking students out of secondary schools rather providing them with opportunities. The circular 10/65 perhaps provides a feasible alternative because it gives students options of either taking approaches that will ensure that they remain in school until just after the compulsory age, or they proceed to further their studies after secondary school. The circular 10/65 has two tier systems. These two tier systems ensure that after primary schools that allow students to either proceed to secondary schools or stay in intermediate schools for two years after which they will be free to decide whether they want to proceed or not. Circular 10/65 strongly advocates against a system that will deliberately discriminate against students with the potential to join secondary schools and become productive. The 10/65 circular also creates provision for students willing to stay in school even after attaining the age of 16 even if such students do not qualify to proceed through the conventional system. The circular proposes that middle level colleges be established that will cater f or the

Human Rights in International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Rights in International Law - Essay Example Other than these methods, other international human rights instruments also exist that are not legally binding but have an effect on the implementation, understanding and development of international human rights laws. These sources of law have been recognised to have a political obligation1. International human rights laws are enforceable on the domestic, regional and international levels. Any states that are involved in human rights treaties undertake a voluntary obligation to respect the rights recognised in the respective treaties. Furthermore, it is the duty of the state to ensure compliance of domestic laws with the conditions laid down in treaties so that domestic and international law is compatible. Although the primary mechanism of human rights protection and the ensuing legal framework are mostly domestic in nature but the bereaved party may resort to regional or international legal mechanisms to redress concerns. Alternatively, regional or international legal mechanisms ma y enforce themselves on domestic situations in order to deal with human rights abuses. Human rights are protected internationally through the use of two parallel legal mechanisms namely the international human rights laws and the international humanitarian laws. ... For general cases, human rights are taken to regulate the relationship existing between individuals and the state within the context of an ordinary life. In contrast, humanitarian laws are taken to regulate the relationship between a belligerent state and any parties it comes into contact with. These parties could be hostile or neutral when seen in the context of an armed conflict2. This paper will concern itself with the implementation of human rights laws alone on the domestic, regional and international levels. 2. International Law on Human Rights In the post World War Two scenario, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the watershed of international human rights law. The United Nations General Assembly adopted this declaration in 1948 and can be seen as a reaction to the experiences of the Second World War. In itself, this declaration is the first global expression of rights that all human beings are entitled to3. The importance of this declaration stems from the fact that its articles have been used subsequently in international treaties, national constitutions, domestic laws and regional human rights instruments. The declaration is not a treaty in itself but has been adopted explicitly in order to define the words â€Å"human rights† and â€Å"fundamental freedoms† that are listed in the United Nations Charter. In turn, the United Nations Charter is binding on all member states and so the Universal Declaration on Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document for the United Nations. A large body of international lawyers holds that the Declaration is part of customary international law. This position implies that the Declaration is an

Causes of Conflict in Special Education Term Paper

Causes of Conflict in Special Education - Term Paper Example Conflicts occur amongst stakeholders in special education due to a variety of reasons. Design conflicts arise when stakeholders have conflicting ideas about special education requirements of their wards. These arguments characteristically are about issues like eligibility for services; methodology of intervention; perceptions about student needs and educational placement. Parents usually feel that their ward has needs that merit unique education services while the school administration may decide that the child is ineligible for these services. Arguments may occur over the most suitable methodology for intervention. In the recent past, a range of interventions has emerged that offer the possibility of amazing outcomes. However, some of these treatments tend to be costly and need highly specialized employees. This is a possible area of conflict. The second area of disagreement is the delivery of services. Delivery problems are those connected with implementing an intervention program that has been decided upon by the family and the school district. Although the stakeholders may have reached an accord, both on the requirements of a child and on the services that the child should receive, disagreements may arise if either the school district fails to provide the decided services or the parents feel that services are not being suitably provided. Delivery disagreements frequently involve issues of provider competence, coordination of services, transportation, scheduling, procedural requirements, privacy, and/or confidentiality. Relationships are the most important but indefinable sources of arguments between school districts and parents. Relationship conflicts may stem from cultural differences, breakdowns in communication, and loss of trust. Although only a handful of states include this category in their analysis of requests for mediation, mediators and mediation program coordinators consider relationship conflicts to be a central reason that increasing numbers of parents seek mediation. Â  

Nursing Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theory - Article Example Moreover, the key purposes nursing theories emphasized overproviding specific guideline for establishment of nursing knowledge and practice. Moreover, nursing theories serve as a tool for determining the roles and responsibilities that are associated with specific job role, such as intensive care by nurses and further outline the reasons behind performing such roles. Nursing theories serve several purposes and are attributed to a number of characteristics that makes it necessary to ensure that people engaged in nursing and healthcare profession are able to understand such theories and implemented for providing superior care to the patients. An understanding of the nursing theories is important since they are associated with providing specific path for developing the nursing practice and knowledge and further assist in fostering of successive knowledge regarding various dimensions underlying in the nursing practices. Additionally, the prime necessity behind understanding of nursing theories is that they help in developing successive understanding variables associated with health, human beings and environment (Crossan & Robb, 1998). In self-practice while performing the job role of an intensive care nurse, knowledge regarding nursing theories is regarded to be highly essential and provides a definite path to perform the nursing tasks. Moreover, substantial level of knowledge regarding nursing theories enables healthcare executives to gain deeper understanding of the job responsibilities and further helps in taking effective decision-making while practicing. Moreover, in actual scenario, nursing practices is associated with development of substantial understanding of the factors related to nursing, such as performing job roles effectively, and ensuring patient care amongst others, which are determined with the help of knowledge established through nursing theories (Sousa & Hayman, 2002). The online journal of ‘Nursing Theory Development’ published

Career Field Analysis-Top Executive Research Paper

Career Field Analysis-Top Executive - Research Paper Example Fourthly, the executive consults with other executives, staff, and board members on issues that involve general operations. Lastly, negotiate or approve contracts and agreement, and appoint department heads and managers (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). Typical Career Path Most positions for top executives are filled via promotion of lower level and experienced managers when openings occur with most promoted from the organization itself. It is possible, in such industries as transportation or retail trade, for those lacking University degrees to become managers by working their way up (Shea, 2010). Upward advancement can be sped up by taking part in training programs within the company to gain more knowledge in operations and policy. The manager can also help their career towards top executive positions by familiarizing themselves with management techniques in programs, which are sponsored by various trade associations and the industry. Executive development programs can also facil itate the promotion of managers to higher executive positions, for managers with experience in fields such as engineering and accounting. Advancement to top executive positions, for instance executive vice president, can occur for general managers if they take up a similar position in other firms or their own firms. Executive officers also often gain board membership at one firm or more or even as chair of the director board. Finally, a top executive may form their own firms or take up independent consultant jobs (Shea, 2010). Trends The career of top executive positions has evolved because of changes in the management structure, age, and size of companies. Compared to 1980, only 20% of companies that were in the Fortune 100 list were still in it in 2010 (Shea, 2010). This highlights the shift to a service economy in the US. The rise of the financial service sector and a corresponding drop in the manufacturing sector is especially striking. There is also a flattening of corporate hi erarchies with significant change in distribution of job responsibility among executive positions between 1980 and 2010Most companies now have 3 tiers, i.e. VP level, EVP level, and CEO. Middle and top tier positions declined by 5% and 6% respectively with lower tier positions expanding by 10%, which supports the idea of corporate hierarchy flattening (Shea, 2010). Salary Information In the American economy, top executives earn among the highest salaries. Salary levels, however, vary with the level of responsibility, location, size, and type of the company, and length of service. In May 2011, the average annual earnings for operations and general managers were $77,200. The median 50% earned from $52,000 and $118,000 (Forbes & Piercy, 2011). Earnings between operations and general executives vary significantly based on specific responsibility. Median earnings per year for industries that had a high representation for operations and general executives in May 2011 were; Computer system s design and related services $117,730 Management of companies and enterprises $99,670 Building equipment contractors $83,080 Depository credit intermediation $76,060 Local government $68,590 Chief executive Earnings ranged around $140, 400 in 2010 with salaries varying by industry and level and type of responsibility. Executives in non-profit sectors ranged from lows of $88,006 and $700,000, as well as dividends, stock options and other

Nursing Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theory - Article Example Moreover, the key purposes nursing theories emphasized overproviding specific guideline for establishment of nursing knowledge and practice. Moreover, nursing theories serve as a tool for determining the roles and responsibilities that are associated with specific job role, such as intensive care by nurses and further outline the reasons behind performing such roles. Nursing theories serve several purposes and are attributed to a number of characteristics that makes it necessary to ensure that people engaged in nursing and healthcare profession are able to understand such theories and implemented for providing superior care to the patients. An understanding of the nursing theories is important since they are associated with providing specific path for developing the nursing practice and knowledge and further assist in fostering of successive knowledge regarding various dimensions underlying in the nursing practices. Additionally, the prime necessity behind understanding of nursing theories is that they help in developing successive understanding variables associated with health, human beings and environment (Crossan & Robb, 1998). In self-practice while performing the job role of an intensive care nurse, knowledge regarding nursing theories is regarded to be highly essential and provides a definite path to perform the nursing tasks. Moreover, substantial level of knowledge regarding nursing theories enables healthcare executives to gain deeper understanding of the job responsibilities and further helps in taking effective decision-making while practicing. Moreover, in actual scenario, nursing practices is associated with development of substantial understanding of the factors related to nursing, such as performing job roles effectively, and ensuring patient care amongst others, which are determined with the help of knowledge established through nursing theories (Sousa & Hayman, 2002). The online journal of ‘Nursing Theory Development’ published

How should the International Financial System be changed (legally and Essay

How should the International Financial System be changed (legally and politically) so that the burden of the dollar as the main reserve currency for the world d - Essay Example The financial markets went into a tailspin recently when it was rumored that Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was looking at alternative to dollar for pegging its currency. Iran has tried unsuccessfully to exhort OPEC countries look for alternatives to dollar, but has announced that it would diversify its foreign reserve portfolio to include Euro as well. It will not create much dent in US armor yet it has strong political message for USA. Malaysia has also tried to establish gold dinar for settling bilateral trade with Iran. Experts feel that it would not be as widespread as these two countries hope as gold would be too cumbersome to be traded and exchanged. Similarly some South American countries are also trying to establish alternatives to IMF and World Bank to cut the dependence on USA and its interfering policies as they see them. They are all small steps yet they show that countries are looking at alternatives to the US dollar. US dollar is not the most preferred currency with the common man too; there are reports that now a days people prefer to be paid in their local currencies by foreigners rather than dollars for the fear of devaluation of dollar something unimaginable a couple of years ago. This shows that the confidence on dollar cross the globe is ebbing slowly but surely. Jean-Claude Trichet President ECB has as far back as 2005 called for structural changes in the international financial system to take care of financial crisis which calls for greater financial transparency, more systematic approach to the future growth and greater global ownership. Apart from these three measures, inclusiveness of emerging economies and economies in transition in international financial architecture and greater cooperation of central banks of emerging economies and economies in transition would help in systematic development and correction of financial system. This shows that not only Europe and Japan have are going to have greater say in international financial system but emerging economies like BRIC and other South East Asian counties too will need to be included. A significant departure from the fact that USA called the shots after the downfall of USSR and end of cold war. USA is grappling with huge current account deficit, Japan as current account surplus where as Europe is balanced. Erosion of value of dollar and erosion of political supremacy of USA is linked together. It is time now for USA to share the burden of dollar with Europe. Edwin M Truman (2007) in his speech has said, "The United States and Europe have huge stakes and responsibilities in the stability of the international economy and financial system. How their authorities manage their economies and develop their financial systems is key. The challenge is to promote healthy, and to minimize unhealthy, competition between the euro and the dollar and their associated financial systems and economies." He calls for climb down of US and European claim to ownership on IMF and World Bank and include emerging and developing countries in the position of management rather than recipients. He even calls for changing the voting pattern to give greater weight age to other countries of the world to ref lect their growing economic stature. The "advanced" countries would need to give up their share by at least 10 basis points and might call for increase in the fund size by 50 percent. This would mean acknowledging the political and economic advancement of the so called developing nations by USA and its allies. There are reports

A Report On Bios And Cmos Computer Science Essay

A Report On Bios And Cmos Computer Science Essay This is a written assignment where students are required to write a report on BIOS and CMOS. Describe the different types of BIOS and CMOSs and what are the current technologies and models for BIOS and CMOSs. Students can also address what are the possible symptoms for BIOS and CMOSs failures and how to fix them. Plagiarism Detector: http://www.plagiarismdetect.com. All you need to do is paste/upload your document file and hit the analyze button. It will map the document with any available online resources. Students are required to print and attach the outcome in their report (acceptable percentage of similarity: BIOS is the short form of Basic Input Output System program that starts when you turn on your computer. It checks all of your hardware to ensure they all have power and are working. BIOS is actually firmware, the software that is programmed into a ROM (Read-Only Memory) chip on the motherboard of a computer. BIOS is something that makes the system run on an initial Power-On Self-Test of the computer, initialize circuits, load the boot program from the startup disk, and then handle low-level I/O peripheral controllers such as keyboard and screen. It has several different categories; you can see your BIOS by paying attention to the screen when it first starts up, there will be a screen with few seconds duration. The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called the BIOS ROM). This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself. Because RAM is faster than ROM, however, many computer systems design manufacturers so that the BIOS is copied from ROM to RAM each time the computer is started. This is known as shadowing. Many modern PCs have flash BIOS, which means that the BIOS have been recorded on a flash memory chip, which can be updated if necessary. The PC BIOS is fairly standardized, so all PCs are similar at this level (although there are different BIOS versions). Other DOS functions are usually added through software modules. This means you can upgrade to a newer version of DOS without changing the BIOS.PC BIOS that can handle Plug and Play (PnP) are known as PnP BIOS-es, or PnP BIOS current. These BIOS-es are always implemented with flash memory rather than ROM. CMOS Semiconductor complementary metal oxide (CMOS) is a type of semiconductor chip that holds data without requiring external power source. In a personal computer (PC), CMOS has the basic instructions the computer needs to initialize its hardware and start-up. These settings are known as the basic parameters of input-output system (BIOS), also called the CMOS settings. CMOS control a variety of functions, including the Power on Self Test (POST). When the computer power switched on, CMOS will run a series of controls to ensure that the system works properly. One of these controls includes counting memory (RAM). This start-up time delays, so some people disable this feature in the CMOS settings, opting for a quick start. If you install new RAM, it is preferable to activate until the RAM has been verified. Once POST has completed, CMOS runs through its other settings. Hard drives and formats are detected and Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) configurations, the start-up preferences, the presence of peripheral and tweaks for over clocking. Many parameters can be changed manually in the CMOS setup screen to improve performance. However, changes must be made by experienced users. Changing the settings wrong can make the system unstable, causing accidents, or even prevent the computer from starting. The CMOS setup screen is accessed during the POST phase mode, by pressing a button before the operating system boots. Normally it is the Delete key but it could be another. A line of text will indicate which button the user in the CMOS or BIOS setup screen. Changes can be made from an operating system like Microsoft Windows, but must be done in a true DOS session. There is also an option to protect the CMOS settings by requiring a password to change settings. The changes are saved to the output by pressing the F10 key, and then the computer restarts to use the new settings. The system uses what is called a CMOS Checksum error code as a detector. Whenever you change the BIOS settings, the checksum is generated by adding all the bytes in the CMOS memory, then store the lowest byte of the sum. Then, whenever the system is booted, the system recalculates the checksum and compares the stored value. If they are different, the system knows that the CMOS has been corrupted in some way and will notify you via an error, usually something like CMOS Checksum Error. There are many different types of batteries used to power the CMOS, for the most part; they have evolved over time as technology has evolved. These batteries are discussed here. You will not normally deal with the CMOS memory directly; it contains the parameters that you enter the BIOS setup. Over time, it is possible that you have problems CMOS, for example, you may find that the machine can begin to forget its settings when it is started. These are usually signs of problems with the battery on the moth erboard. (Figure-1) (Figure-2) (Figure-3) CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELS FOR BIOS AND CMOS BIOS Version 5020 SOX5810J.86A.5020.2010.0224.0938 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ February 24, 2010 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added support for Intels 6-core desktop processor, codenamed Gulftown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed watchdog timer and host clock display issues for XTU2. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue that was causing IFlash and Express BIOS Update to fail on subsequent flash updates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduced pre-video boot time by about 7 seconds. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added support to check the IOH stepping and if it is a B2 or earlier then set QPI Power Management default setting to disabled and if it is a B3 or later then set the default to enabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed setup option default setting for CPU C-States to be enabled and IMON to be disabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue with watchdog timer when running in the operating system and changing from one processor to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed XMP related issues: When an XMP profile was selected the host clock was unchangeable. When selecting Automatic mode the Uncore Multiplier was being set to 22 instead of the proper system default. When selecting Manual mode the minimum supported ratio between Memory Ratio and the Uncore Multiplier will be used based on the processor installed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where the PC Compliance bit was being set incorrectly causing Secondary Boot Request to cause some cards to fail to train correctly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set VT to be enabled by default. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue preventing greater than 160 for the Host Clock. BIOS Version 4598 SOX5810J.86A.4598.2009.1211.1321 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ December 11, 2009 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added XTU 2.0 support. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed F9 default value for TDC, TDP, and Turbo Ratio. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed watchdog timer and host clock display issues for XTU2. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed a setup display issue for 5-Core Ratio Limit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed a display issue with the Turbo Boost Technology in setup when a processor is installed that does not have 4 cores. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Updated processor support. BIOS Version 4405 SOX5810J.86A.4405.2009.1020.1419 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ October 20, 2009 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Updated processor support. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enabled the selection of Video Device according to the Primary Video Adapter setup option. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Expanded the default size of the NVS memory allocation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Blocked the on-board LAN PXE dispatch when on-board LAN is disabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where the default video device was not set correctly if two video cards of same vendor and device id was present in system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where certain SATA RAID controller failed to boot according to the boot order. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where system hangs at POST code 0xBA with two SATA optical drives attached and certain media in one drive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where certain SATA RAID controller failed to resume from S3. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added feature to block compressed BMP files from use as a custom logo with Intel ® Integrator Toolkit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enabled BIOS Setup to always be reset even if iFlash2 is interrupted when /f flag is set. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOS AND CMOS? Many people use the term BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) interchangeably, but in reality, they are distinct, yet related, components of a computer. The BIOS is a computer program that starts up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time and details of system configuration needed to start the computer. The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on, until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS firmware, which means its, cannot store the variable data. CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use this term to refer to the chip that stores data variables for booting. A computers BIOS to initialize and control components such as controllers and hard disk drive and the computer hardware clock, but the specific parameters for the startup and initialization of components are stored in CMOS.In addition to the standard CMOS memory used to store system settings, BIOS Plug and Play use a nonvolatile memory upgrade to keep the extended system configuration data (ESCD). It is used to save the configurations of the devices of system resources when Plug and Play is used. Type of BIOS Phoenix IBM AMI Award Type of CMOS Battery Coin Cell Batteries PS2 Computer Clock Battery BIOS AND CMOSS FAILURES AND HOW TO FIX THEM CMOS checksum error mostly will occurs when CMOS values was incorrect. There is few option may occurs the failure as below. Bad or old CMOS battery. BIOS update. Removing power from the computer without shutting down the computer. POST errors. The Solution Bad or old CMOS battery: Try restarting the computer. If the error persists after restarting the computer to enter the CMOS setup and check all values, which include verifying the date and time are correct. Once everything has been checked and / or changed be sure to save and exit the CMOS setup. If everything looks correct and the problem persists try resetting the defaults in CMOS and / or Reset Configuration Data. Additional information on how to proceed can be found on document CH000976. Note: If this problem persists after you turn off your computer off, it is possible that the CMOS battery may be faulty or already ill. Before consider on replacing the CMOS battery to try to leave your computer on for several days. Additional information on replacing the CMOS battery can be found on document CH000239. Computer badly off: If the computer had been disconnected the power while still running it is possible that this may cause the CMOS to be corrupted. Make sure the computer is ready to be cut before turning off the computer. If you have a laptop so that battery is charged before disconnecting the electrical connection. If the CMOS values have been damaged by entering values in the CMOS setup and saving CMOS and the output should solve your problems. Additional information about entering the BIOS setup can be found on document CH000192. BIOS update recently completed: if youve recently released a BIOS update on the computer values stored in the CMOS can be reset. Enter CMOS setup and re-enter all the appropriate values. Additional information about entering the BIOS setup can be found on document CH000192.If you are unable to enter the BIOS or after the execution of a BIOS your computer is no longer values the incorrect BIOS update may have been installed on your computer or the downloaded version may be corrupted. We suggest you try to update the BIOS and / or go back to an earlier version. Additional assistance and information with the BIOS updates can be found on document CH000236. POST error: Each BIOS manufacturer has its own diagnostic codes to identify specific errors. You need to consult the documentation for specifying the BIOS beep codes. Many motherboard manufacturers will use code similar to the original IBM POST codes, which are summarized in the table below. If you get a single beep, all is good. In some cases, these beeps are also accompanied by a diagnostic code; you also look in the BIOS documentation. Beep Code IBM POST Beep Codes Description One short beep Normal POST System is Okay Two short beeps POST error Error code shown on-screen No beep Power supply or system board problem Continuous beep Power supply, system board or keyboard problem Repeating short beeps Power supply or system board problem One long and one short beeps System board problem One long an two short beeps Display adapter problem {MDA,CGA}

Physical Therapy Essay -- Physical Therapist Job Career Essays

Physical Therapy Physical therapists are members of a health care team, specially trained to improve movement and flinction, relieve pain, and expand movement potential. Through evaluation and individualized treatment programs, physical therapists can both treat existing problems and provide preventive health care for people with a variety of needs (Physical Therapy-Improving 1). Physical therapists are very knowledgeable and skillful concerning the human body. Physical therapy is a complex, but rewarding field to pursue as a career. Specialization, working conditions, job outlook, salaries, and education requirements need to be taken into consideration when contemplating a career as a physical therapist. Physical therapists can either specialize in specific areas, like paralysis or orthopedics, or they can treat a broad range of needs. Physical therapy is divided into three basic categories: acute care, neuro-rehab, and outpatient physical therapy. I am particularly interested in acute care, which involves treating patients in the hospital setting. Acute care involves treating patients following surgery, restoring patients' physical activity following an accident or illness, and helping patients to overcome disabilities. Teaching home exercises, preparing rehab programs, and explaining how to use assistive devices are the acute care therapist's main jobs. On the other hand, neuro-rehab physical therapists deal with patients who have long-term injuries, such as spinal cord injuries. Finally, outpatient physical therapists are usually self-employed and generally treat patients in the home. ("Information" 7) All three types of physical therapists perform the same general tasks. The goal of physical therapy is to help patien... ...1.htm. "1997 Graduate School Rankings, Physical Therapy." U.S. News _ Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/beyond/gphyther.htm. "Physical Therapist." The Princeton Review Guide to Your Career. Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://cgi.review.com/careers/car_search_show.cfm?id=114#life. "Physical Therapists." California Occupational Guide Nurnber 117. Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://www.calmis.cahwnet.gov/file/occguide/PHYSTHER.TXT. "The Physical Therapist: A Professional Profile." American Physical Therapy Association. Online. Internet. 8 April 1997. Available: http://www.apta.org/pt_prof/professionalprofile.html. Physical Therapy - Improving Movement and Function. San Bruno: Icrames, 1984. Physical Therapy in Iowa. Des Moines: Iowa Physical Therapy Association, 1991.

Roosevelt Essay -- essays research papers

Theodore Roosevelt is said to have been one of the greatest presidents ever. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the role of the presidency into foreign affairs by using The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, this stated that the U.S. had the right to oppose European intervention in the western hemisphere and also to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors. This was brought about when the government of Venezuela stopped paying their debts to European bankers. As a result European naval forces formed a blockade around the Venezuelan coast and began to bombard their ports. Roosevelt saw this action as a potential threat to the U.S. and threatened to use American naval power to pressure the European navy to withdraw â€Å"†¦the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power†(Roosevelt Corollary). Theo dore Roosevelt’s first presidency came after the assassination of President McKinley. He was thought of as the first modern president because he was the first to get involved in foreign affairs, with his Big Stick Policy. Other things he did during his president that are remembered for are his Square deal, Hay-Pauncefote treaty, his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and his trust busting. The Big-Stick Policy came upon after Roosevelt said that his motto was â€Å"to speak softly and carry a big stick.† After this the p...

British cycling safeguarding and protecting children policy Essay

There are strategies that aim to protect children and vulnerable adults from people who might seek to abuse them and cause them harm. And in order to achieve this is by monitoring people who seek admission to them through their work, paid, unpaid and voluntary. They will have to be registered under the vetting and barring scheme and will be checked against one of two barred lists and those wishing to work with children and one for those who want to work with vulnerable adults. Recruitment of staff: working with people who need much care can be so challenging and it requires trained staff who know how to deal with them. It is very important a person to undergo criminal records before working with vulnerable people, good checks and practice taking references from previous employers are very important as it might prevent risk coming to vulnerable people. People who require jobs that involve the care of vulnerable adults will always be required for CRB check and this is significant to the safeguarding of vulnerable adults as it means giving greater protection to susceptible adults. No Secrets -Department of Health Guidelines 2000: this offers a structure and content for development of local agency policies procedures and promotes safety to vulnerable people. This department is useful for people who feel they are at risk of abuse by their care providers and the local agency have the responsibility to protect and prevent any harm that comes to a vulnerable people. This also covers for to identify who is at risk and why this might be. And it sets out a multi-agency framework to encourage different agencies to work closer together. Safeguarding Adults – A National Framework for Good practice and outcomes in Adults Protection Work 2005: this protects and ensures that all services are doing their job and preventing any form of violence, abuse, bullying, humiliation, and degradation towards vulnerable people. These working strategies help reduce the risk of adults being abused as each organization is required the implementation of this work and representative on the local safeguarding Adults. This service also involves measuring achievements of the standards and introduced support programmes to assist in the process of safeguarding. They aim to ensure a nation-wide approach for protection of adults and closer multi-agency working. The Protection of Vulnerable Adults Scheme for Adults Placement Schemes 2004: this covers to protect adults from any sort of rick and harm and is required to staff who work in care homes, provide personal care in adult’s own homes or provide foster care for adults to be checked against the POVA list of banned professionals. Dignity in Care initiative 2006: This is a campaign that aims to end toleration of indignity in health and social care services through raising awareness and encouraging people to challenge poor service and lack of respect and also ensures all the order people to be treated with dignity and respect when receiving care from health and social care services. The service user receives a guide information which explains their rights and what they need to be provided and what they will be expecting from the health care services, this enables the elderly person to be aware of their rights and how they can identify when they are being abused by the care provider, this also helps reduce the risk and harm that might face the vulnerable adults. Human Right in Health Care -A Framework for Local Action 2007/08: This framework assists local NHS to trust develop and apply human rights approaches in the design and delivery of their services. Human rights aim to provide health care department with the principles of fairness, respect, equality, and dignity, this ensure all healthcare service users are not being discriminated against and are all being treated equally regardless of their backgrounds skin color and also as well as meeting Care Quality Commission standards of human rights and patients’ treatment and these working strategies reduces the risk of abuse towards patients and vulnerable people. Codes of Practice for Nursing and Social Work: This strategy of codes of practice for nursing and social work helps to reduce the risk of abuse against the vulnerable individual as the code presents the professional standards that nurses and midwives must uphold in order to be registered to practice in the UK. It is structured around four themes priorities people, practice effectively, preserves safety and promotes professionalism and trust and the code can be used by nurses and midwives as a way of reinforcing their professionalism.